Best Topics For Essay Writing - Why Essay Writing Can Be Hard

Best Topics For Essay Writing - Why Essay Writing Can Be HardIf you are looking for the best topics for essay writing, you should first think about what it is that you want to say. After all, it is easier to write a powerful essay if you know what it is that you are trying to express. To write a powerful essay, you must also be able to write about something that you know about, or have a special relationship with.Your thesis statement should include your focus of attention, and then you will be able to follow it through your entire essay. In fact, in some cases, the thesis statement can serve as your thesis. So, before you begin writing your essay, start with a topic that helps to support your thesis statement.When you are researching different subjects, you will find that many people will share the same points of view. This could mean that they are more in agreement than not. Or, it could mean that they simply have similar opinions about the subject matter. So, instead of writing ab out one thing and trying to discuss it, think about what those opinions are, and then write about it.Do you need to prove something to someone? Maybe you have a student who wants to prove something to you, or maybe you are going to have a job interview. Whatever the case may be, if you need to prove something to someone, you will need to start with the fact.Some of the points that you want to prove could include a person's trustworthiness, or even the validity of the particular facts. All you have to do is get the facts and then present them in an article. Then, when someone reads your essay, they will be able to see how solid your research is.A good topic for essay writing, when writing about a particular event, will always involve a specific time period. In other words, you will want to write about an event that took place during the year that the event occurred. You do not want to write about an event that took place during a particular month, since you will then be wasting valua ble time. What you will be able to do is include an overview of the event, and then start talking about it.As you research, you will also find that there are many different points of view to a particular event. If you are writing about this event, you will want to have a point of view that can be well supported by research. This means that you will want to take the time to make sure that you are presenting the facts in a way that can support the point of view that you are using.Another great topic for essay writing that will really help you keep things straight is to write about an everyday subject that you have seen. For example, if you are writing about a movie, you might find that the subject of the movie is something that you know very little about. Therefore, you might consider going online and checking out some of the movies that have been released in the last two years. After you have done this, you will have an idea of what the latest releases are, and you will have an idea of what other types of movies that might be fun to watch.

The British North America Act (BNA Act)

The British North America Act or BNA Act created the Dominion of Canada in 1867. It is now referred to as the Constitution Act, 1867, as it is the basis of the countrys constitution. History of the BNA Act The BNA Act was drafted by Canadians at the Quebec Conference on Canadian Confederation in 1864 and passed without amendment by the British Parliament in 1867. The BNA Act was signed by Queen Victoria on March 29, 1867, and came into effect on July 1, 1867. It solidified Canada West (Ontario), Canada East (Quebec), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick as the four provinces of the confederation. The BNA Act serves as a base document for the Canadian Constitution, which is not a single document but rather a set of documents known as Constitution Acts and, just as importantly, a set of unwritten laws and conventions. The BNA Act set out the rules for the government of the new federal nation. It established a British style parliament with an elected House of Commons and an appointed Senate and set out the division of powers between the federal government and provincial governments. The written text of the division of powers in the BNA Act can be misleading, however, as case law plays a significant part in the division of powers between governments in Canada. The BNA Act Today Since the first act forming the Dominion of Canada in 1867, 19 other acts were passed, until some of them were amended or repealed by the Constitution Act, 1982. Until 1949, only the British Parliament could make amendments to the acts, but Canada assumed  full control over its constitution with the passage of the Canada Act in 1982. Also in 1982, the BNA Act was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867.

Supply and Demand and Study Guide - 20292 Words

ECO11 (ver8) MICROECONOMICS 1 STUDY GUIDE ECO11 MICROECONOMICS 1 STUDY GUIDE  © University of South Australia 2009 This work was printed from camera-ready copy submitted by the Unit Coordinator. The Flexible Learning Centre of the University of South Australia was not involved in its production. CONTENTS Contents 3 Introduction 5 An introduction to the economic perspective 13 Demand and supply 17 Elasticity 21 Market applications 25 The behaviour of firms and costs 31 Perfect competition 37 Monopoly 43 Monopolistic competition 47 Oligopoly 51 Economic performance, market failure and government intervention 55 Appendix: Guide to working†¦show more content†¦Economic ideas provide a conceptual framework for understanding the forces that shape our personal and public lives. Economies (people!), faced with scarcities, have to make decisions about the way resources are allocated. First, they have to decide what goods and services have to be made and how they are to be made. Then they have to decide how much of each good and service to produce as well as who receives the proceeds of production in what proportions. These inter-connected allocation and distribution decisions must be resolved so that production and satisfaction can simultaneously occur. The complex system of human values, shared beliefs and accepted behaviour associated with the resolution of allocation and distribution decisions is known as an economic system. Economic systems have varied from the traditional systems based on beliefs and social hierarchies, to planned or command economics through to a mixture of market and planned systems of production and exchange. Economic systems are judged in terms of their efficiency and equity. Criticisms of planned systems invariably focus on aspects of inefficiency. Criticisms of market behaviour are invariably driven by equity considerations. 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Frankenstein A Critical Analysis Free Essays

A Critical Analysis Author-centered Reading Early 19th century gothic novel, Frankincense, has provided an excellent base for an author-centered analysis, given the prominence of Shelley circumstantial Influence and strong symbolism. Born at the turn of the 18th century in London, Mary Shelley was exposed to venerated authors and their works from a young age. Showing her ability and promise early on In life, she went on to write a number of acclaimed novels, Including Valier and The Last Man. We will write a custom essay sample on Frankenstein: A Critical Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shelley Imagery compares to the best of 19th century Romantic literature and has helped establish her as one of the time’s retreat authors. (Academic, 2009) Through Frankincense, I have Implied Mary Shelley to be strongly opposed to the Idea of ‘playing god’ and transgressing the human Limitations. She has used strong Juxtaposition to highlight the horror of the monster, contrasting It to the sporadic scenes of beautiful valleys and mountain ranges. Through her use of this technique, it is clear that Shelley herself is disgusted with the monster, though she has attempted to justify the actions and behaviors of it throughout. Her personal disgust and rejection of the wretch comes through in the behavior of the characters, with only one, an old, blind man ever coming close to accepting him. As Victor says, â€Å"There can be no community between you and me; we are enemies†. (Shelley, 2000, p. 82) Though the monster had done no wrong, initially, and only desired to be loved, â€Å"l was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend† (Shelley, 2000, p. 2), he was accepted by none. It seemed thus, that Shelley was trying to show that even if man successfully reached god-like achievements, he and his creation would not enjoy any form of acceptance as the heart of man opposes him to such ghastly and horrific actions. At the beginning of Chapter 5, it is seen that Frankincense calls his creation the wretch’ before it had even awoken, How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavourer to form? † (Shelley, 2000, p. 1) Although these words were technically spoken after it occurred, in Frankincense’s recount to Walton, Shelley could have chosen to refer to the monster in an objective manner at this point, instead in this subjective way. By doing this, however, the monster Is portrayed as lesser than human, not worthy and is degraded In the eyes f the reader, without any actions of the monster being recounted. As said, Shelley Juxtaposed the monster to the scenic landscapes. This Is technique Is evident here as well, though not in exactly the same manner. The next scene after Frankincense creates the monster, has Frankincense Joyfully re-unlit with Clerical. Recounting the scene between Frankincense and Clerical, Shelley uses exclamation marks to dramatist the situation In order to draw a starker comparison with the previous scene. Then, as quickly as the mood turned Joyful, It became drastically solemn as the conversation turned to Victors exploits. Nature has also played a large part in the novel and is key to understanding certain elements. Set in the 18th century in Switzerland, the novel’s locale draws key inspiration from Shelley circumstance at the time, being that it was conceived in Switzerland, only a few years after it came across strongly in the novel. â€Å"the moon gazed on my midnight labors, while, with unrelated and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding places† (Shelley, 2000, p. 39) Shelley has personified nature quite strongly and through words like these, Shelley has established nature as an all-powerful, god-like being. This further enhances the view that she was bringing across the point that no one should attempt to breach nature’s omnipotence. In this way, she has likened nature to an all-powerful God. Shelley also re-enforced the power of nature – God – through her language â€Å"As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from out house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump† (Shelley, 2000, p. 26). What Shelley has done for nature though, she has done the opposite for man. Mary Shelley has brought across humans as being incompetent, insensible beings. When the wretch leaves evidence of Justine killing Will on her person, she is arrested and does not receive a proper trial, being lynched by members of the public. Later on, in an encounter between the wretch and Frankincense, the monster says, muff accuse me of murder; and yet you would, with satisfied conscience, destroy your own creature. Oh, praise the eternal justice of man! † (Shelley, 2000, p. 2) Through this, it would seem that Mary Shelley had become disillusioned with man-kind and its constant endeavourers to ‘play-god’, en in advances within science and medicine. Shelley was likely influenced by the times she was in, through influential figures like Jean-Jacques Rousseau who criticized the view that man should exert his influence and superiority over nature by ‘Playing-God’. Shelley was a strong advocate for Rousseau, opposing others like Henry Bacon, who were of the view that Frankincense was of at the start of his time at the University of Inconstant. The Author-centered approach has evolved over the past century and continues to do so, most recently with Farther’ Death of the Author of 1967. Instead of viewing the author as the sole influence of the texts’ meaning, the contemporary view sees persons taking interest in the author; his/her background and circumstance to discern the link between them and their work (QUA Syllabus, 2011) I first applied Authorial Intent with special consideration given to Wimpiest and Beardsley Intentional Fallacy of 1946. This provided a base for analyzing Frankincense without being clouded by the presumed design or intention of the author which according to Wimpiest and Beardsley, â€Å"is neither available nor desirable as a standard for Judging he success of a literary work of art† (Wimpiest and Beardsley, 1946, p. L) Upon reading Intentional Fallacy I saw that Frankincense was a ubiquitous representation of the canonical life of Mary Shelley, not Just the intended meaning she desired. The theory states that, â€Å"an author’s stated purpose cannot determine all the legitimate readings that may be made in his/her text. (QUA, 2011) Thus, in keeping with Intentional Fallacy, I recognized the relationship between the author, Shelley, and her text. As I said in my first paragraph, â€Å"Through Frankincense, I have implied Mary Shelley to be tryingly opposed to the idea of ‘playing god’ and transgressing the human limitations. † The use of Pullet’s â€Å"criti cism of consciousness† theory helped establish that the use of literary devices and her language to bring this point across displays that, as I said in my reading, â€Å"Shelley herself is disgusted with The Monster†. The author-function, specifically the characteristics of attribution and valuation, as introduced by Factual, also led my reading. Valuation states that an author is not defined purely through his/her discourse but, â€Å"It results from a complex operation hose purpose is to construct the rational entity we call an author† (Factual, 1977). Thus I constructed my view of Shelley from her â€Å"profundity or ‘creative’ power†. This is seen all throughout my reading, though most profoundly in my final paragraph, where I state that I am of the view that Shelley â€Å"had become disillusioned with man- kind and its constant endeavourers to ‘play-god† However, the complications of this being perceived as Universality may be questioned as different readings are drawn from Frankincense. The characteristic of Attribution also showed that my previous dead and knowledge of Mary Shelley as a widely acclaimed author and prominent figure, whose work has lasted till current day, influenced my construction of her. The work of Brooks and Pollute, used in conjunction, was a prime dictator in the course of my reading. The main theory I applied was that â€Å"literature is ultimately metaphorical and symbolic. † (Brooks, 1947) Thus, a closer analysis of the words Shelley used revealed the Pantheism in Frankincense. As I said in my reading, â€Å"Shelley has established nature as an all-powerful, god-like being†. I understood the reason Enid this better after a study of Spinning’s work, based on Descartes’ dualist theory. Spinal brought into play that God, instead of a physical, anthropomorphism’s being, is in fact the composition of nature. Pullet’s theory of â€Å"criticism of consciousness† â€Å"embodiment of the state of mind† of Shelley (Pollute, 1971). This is important as it guided me to become conscious of Shelley ‘cogitator’ and its impact on my construction of her as an author. This type of Close-reading is advocated by New Criticism (Henderson and Brown, 1997), further allowing me to analyses the construction of Shelley sentences and word-use, to detect symbolism and metaphors. This came through in the third paragraph of my reading, when referring to Shelley use of the word Wretch’ so early on. Applying Brooks’ theory helped me identify the deeper symbolism in this. I was thus able to recognize that the referral to Victor’s creation in such a subjective manner had deeper roots, not Just showing Victor’s personal disgust but also causing the monster to appear unworthy of ordinary humans â€Å"†¦ The monster is portrayed as lesser than human and not worthy and is degraded in the eyes of the reader†¦ (Reading) I was also able to analyses Shelley use of punctuation, to further enhance the Juxtaposition between the somber references to the monster and the happier circumstances. Brooks’ and Pullet’s theories also have elements of the text-centered approach in them, with this approach claiming that the text is place where meaning is found (QUA, 2011, p. 4). Here the subtleties between Historical and New Criticism become evident, with old criticism embracing literature as a form of authorial self-expression, Romanticism (Henderson and Brown, 1997). The shift in thinking though of authorial self-expression to inner symbolism and author omniscience makes it hard to fully identify and articulate Shelley intention. My construction of Shelley, though, seemed at first to be invalid with T. S. Elitist’s Tradition And The Individual Talent, which espouses that when critiquing a work, one must take into account the other authors of that time (Adams, 1971) In Elitist’s words, â€Å"we pretend to find what is individual, what is the peculiar essence of the man†(Elliot, 1921). This would mean that my belief that the language in Frankincense symbolizes Pantheism is wrong as it is based purely on Mary Shelley. However, upon closer analysis, I realized that in fact, it supported my conclusions. The key example I would like to present is that of Wordsmith and Coleridge, founders of the Romantic Movement in England. Both of them were strong supporters and advocates of Pantheism, helping to bring Rousseau work to recognition through their own writings. Both were also frequent visitors to the Godwin household (A+E Networks, 2012). Thus Shelley would have grown up around the work of these two men, the Venerated authors’ I mentioned in my first paragraph. What I saw here, was sound proof that Intellectuality, or as said by Elliot, â€Å"importance of the relation of the poem o other poems by other authors† (Elliot, 1921) played a large part in Frankincense. How to cite Frankenstein: A Critical Analysis, Papers

Women In Work Place Essays - Sexism, Labour Economics,

Women In Work Place The past decades there has been a dramatic increase of women participating in the labor force from countries all over the World including Canada. In 1950, one Canadian worker in five was a woman. By 1980 this percentage had doubled, and women are expected to make up more than 44 percent of the labor force by the end of this century. The increase in female participation started occurring during the 1970's. This increase also caused the largest baby boom that the Canadian female labor force had ever witnessed. In North America it is common for women to have part-time or summer jobs, and the participation rate of teenage girls is high. It is also mostly high throughout the world in places as United Kingdom because of the fewer women going to school. But in places like France, Italy, and Japan the female participation rate is very low. In most of the countries the labour force is most participated in the age groups between 20 and 24. The labor force of mature women is very high in Sweden, because of the encouraged day care facilities, which also provides the females with legislation that provides them with excellent benefits. In Japan there is a drop in female economic activity, the reason why is it affects their marriage and the care of their only child. An observation of labor force participation rates in Canada show that female rates rose a lot between 1971 and 1981, while the male rate rose unnoticeably. The increase in the female participation rate was found in all age groups except in older women. For women aged 15 to 19 the rate was as almost as high as the men. But the largest increase was in the age group of 25-44 years old, where the rate rose almost 50 percent. This meant that the participation rates of the females had become more alike with the men. Family status also influenced the female participation rate but later on during 1981 it had a more less affect than in 1971. According to statistics just over one quarter of married women with young children were working, but this later changed and grew by 76 percent over a 10-year period of time. The rate also showed an increase of 47 percent for widowed, divorced, and separated women with children. However single women with young children showed a slight decrease. However the female participation rate is not so much related to family status as today as it was many years ago. During the period of 1971 through 1981 the involvement of married women went through a major change. Fewer women saw marriage as a reason to interrupt their participation in the job force, and couple tended to postpone having children or not having any at all. While women with young children tended to participate less in the labor market and quit their jobs more frequently than men. Females did the exact opposite of what men did when they had children while working, and in some cases were actually more stable than men without children. This showed that the couple's attitude towards having children influenced a decrease in the female labor force participation rate. In 1981 most women spent an average of 1,247 hours a year working, compared with 1,431 hours in 1971 which had dropped about 15 percent. Even men saw their average hours decrease by 13 percent. Not only more women were working, more were working part-time for only part of the year which meant more women on the unemployment rolls. In the 1960's the unemployment rate for females was 3 percent and ten years later increased to 7 percent. Since June 1982 the unemployment rate for men was 11-13 percent and the women's just above that rate which could also exceed that of the men near the end of the century. Only about 11 percent of women had part-time jobs because they couldn't find full-time employment or because they wished to spend more time to their education or their families, or for other reasons. Although 24 percent of the women working part-time would have preferred a full-time job if it had been available. According to the Statistics Canada study, in 1970 women were extremely poorly paid which showed a big earnings difference than the men. This started changing in the 1970's, which rose the females earning to 51.2 percent of that of a man. Ten years later it had reached 54.4 percent. If it weren't for the decrease in annual hours for the females the

Casino Pier Sheech Essay Essay Example

Casino Pier Sheech Essay Essay Example Casino Pier Sheech Essay Paper Casino Pier Sheech Essay Paper In 1937. Gilbert built a big edifice over the Carousel construction and called it the Seaside Heights Casino. In 1948. John Fitzgerald and John Christopher bought the belongings. In 1959 John Christopher passed and John Fitzgerald bought the full rights. In 1960. John Fitzgerald’s son-in-law Ken Wynne took over operations. Ken Wynne expanded the wharf due east and added many drives including the pier’s foremost major roller coaster â€Å"The Wild Mouse† Wynne leased out subdivisions of the wharf to other operators. In 1963. America’s first Himalaya drive was installed. In 1964. the original Skyride was installed. It took you from the pool country to the east terminal of the wharf. The Skyride was constructing by a Wildwood. NJ company ( Universal Design ) . In 1965. the wharf was expanded 320 pess out. On June 10th 1965. a air current whipped fire consumed a immense part of the wharf in including the Wild Mouse. The wharf was opened within hebdomads with impermanent drives. The amusement park at Casino Pier offers authoritative children’s drives such as the Boats. Motorcycles. and Speedway whip autos. Family rides include the Tilt-A-Whirl. Moby Dick. Hot Tamales Roller Coaster. and Fun Houses. Thrill searchers will bask the 170 pes tall Skyscraper where riders are strapped to the terminal of a crane-like arm and are whipped around at velocities up to 70 stat mis per hr! In 1969. the Anton Schwarzkoph chef-doeuvre Jet Star roller coaster was added. In 1975. Casino Pier added the United States foremost Enterprise drive. In 1979. Casino Pier added the Luv Bugs ( Mack designed ) indoor/outdoor roller coaster. Originally called Broadway Trip which operated at Palisades Amusement Park. Cedar Point and so Canadian National Expo. Luv Bugs was re-themed to Wizards Cavern in 1988 In 1982. the original Casino edifice would alter everlastingly leting Ocean Terrance to link with it’s north subdivision. In 1982. Ken Wynne partnered with Bob Bennett. In 1982. the Skydiver drive fell on top of the Himalaya during a violent electrical storm. Folkss where clear of the country and there wasn’t any injures. In 1982. Water Slides were added to the swimming pool. Park was named â€Å"Splashdown† . In 1987. Water Works H2O park was opened in topographic point of the swimming pool. In 1997. The ( Reverchon ) Log Flume was added. In 1999. The Wild Mouse ( Miler ) was added In 2002. The Jet Star ( Miler ) replaced the Star Jet In 2002. Bob Bennett sold Casino Pier and Water Works to the Storino household In 2003. the Stillwalk Manor. Centrifuge. and Rock A ; Roll drives were introduced on Casino Pier. In 2004. Water Works was remodeled and opened as Breakwater Beach. In 2007. Pirate’s Hideaway Coaster opened up as the replacing coaster for the Wizard’s Cavern In 2010. the Floyd Moreland Carousel turned 100 old ages old. Cake from Carlos Bakery ( TV’s The Cake Boss ) was made picturing the carrousel. In 2011. the waterpark celebrated their 25 twelvemonth day of remembrance. In 2012. Breakwater Beach replaced the original Single Tubes drive ( 25 old ages old ) with Two if By Sea. in the eventide of October 29th 2012. Hurricane Sandy made landfall and caused harm to places and substructure runing into the one million millions of dollars in the province of New Jersey entirely. harmonizing to the National Weather Service’s preliminary estimation. That bureau besides reported several air current blasts in Ocean County at near to 90 miles per hour. and a buoy located near the entryway to New York Harbor issued a record moving ridge tallness of 32. 5 pess at 8:50 autopsy. merely before a clip that multiple informants present on the barrier island at that clip attribute to a fast moving storm rush that elevated H2O degrees in or near their places drastically in a short period. The belongingss of Casino Pier sustained terrible harm as a consequence of Sandy. Entree to the barrier island of Seaside Height was halted until October 31st. when proprietor. Vincent Storino. was foremost able to do it back to the amusement centre. 200? ‘ of the wharf was lost in the northern more subdivision and 50? ‘ was lost in the southern subdivision. The JetStar Roller coaster. Log Flume. Stillwalk Manor. Centrifuge Building with the drive and many other drives or parts of drives housed in at that place. and the Music Xpress fell into the Atlantic Ocean Acarousel might non be the most popular drive in any amusement park but the carrousel at casino wharf has a big fan base. Casino wharf is a amusement park installation that had 38 drives before hurricane sandy. Ranging from household drives to roller coasters. they besides have a rooftop mini golf class. a chair lift that runs the full legnth of the north side of the boardwalk. A figure 8 go cart path. and many bases that serve pizza. cheese steaks. sausage sandwiches. ice pick. funnel bar and lemonade. The carrousel is located in the casino wharf arcade between ocean patio and the boardwalk. There is besides a H2O park known as break H2O beach located right across the street from the arcade. But the wharf is the treasure of the boardwalk they had 3 rollercaosters runing before flaxen. hot Tamales. pirates hideaway. wild mouse. They had 7 others throughout history. firedrake waggon. snake pits angels. jet star which was renamed star jet is the rollercoaster that fell into the Atlantic ocean. the origional wild mouse. aces cavern. and onther one whose name has been lost to history. app. com/article/20130525/njnews/305250097/historic-carosel-sin-again-seaside-heights rcdb. com/4624. htm casinopiernj. com.

Second Battle of El Alamein in World War II

Second Battle of El Alamein in World War II The Second Battle of El Alamein was fought from October 23, 1942 to November 5, 1942 during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the campaign in the Western Desert. Having been driven east by Axis forces in 1942, the British had established a strong defensive line at El Alamein, Egypt. Recovering and reinforcing, new leadership on the British side commenced planning an offensive to regain the initiative. Launched in October, the Second Battle of El Alamein saw British forces grind through the enemy defenses before shattering the Italo-German lines. Short on supplies and fuel, Axis forces were compelled to retreat back into Libya. The victory ended the threat to the Suez Canal and provided a significant boost to Allied morale. Background In the wake of its victory at the Battle of Gazala (May-June, 1942), Field Marshal Erwin Rommels Panzer Army Africa pressed British forces back across North Africa. Retreating to within 50 miles of Alexandria, General Claude Auchinleck was able to stop the Italo-German offensive at El Alamein in July. A strong position, the El Alamein line ran 40 miles from the coast to the impassable Quattara Depression. While both sides paused to rebuild their forces, Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrived in Cairo and decided to make command changes. New Leadership Auchinleck was replaced as Commander-in-Chief Middle East by General Sir Harold Alexander, while the 8th Army was given to Lieutenant General William Gott. Before he could take command, Gott was killed when the Luftwaffe shot down his transport. As a result, command of the 8th Army was assigned to Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery. Moving forward, Rommel attacked Montgomerys lines at the Battle of Alam Halfa (August 30-September 5) but was repulsed. Choosing to take a defensive stance, Rommel fortified his position and placed over 500,000 mines, many of which were anti-tank types. Field Marshal Harold Alexander. Armies Commanders British Commonwealth General Sir Harold AlexanderLieutenant General Bernard Montgomery220,00 men1,029 tanks750 aircraft900 field guns1,401 anti-tank guns Axis Powers Field Marshal Erwin RommelLieutenant General Georg Stumme116,000 men547 tanks675 aircraft496 anti-tank guns Monty's Plan Due to the depth of Rommels defenses, Montgomery carefully planned his assault. The new offensive called for infantry to advance across the minefields (Operation Lightfoot) which would allow engineers to open two routes through for the armor. After clearing the mines, the armor would reform while the infantry defeated the initial Axis defenses. Across the lines, Rommels men were suffering from a severe lack of supplies and fuel. With the bulk of German war materials going to the Eastern Front, Rommel was forced to rely on captured Allied supplies. His health failing, Rommel took leave to Germany in September. General Erwin Rommel in North Africa, 1941. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration A Slow Start On the night of October 23, 1942, Montgomery began a heavy 5-hour bombardment of the Axis lines. Behind this, 4 infantry divisions from XXX Corps advanced over the mines (the men did not weigh enough to trip the anti-tank mines) with the engineers working behind them. By 2:00 AM the armored advance began, however progress was slow and traffic jams developed. The assault was supported by diversionary attacks to the south. As dawn approached, the German defense was hampered by the loss of Rommels temporary replacement, Lieutenant General Georg Stumme, who died of a heart attack. German Counterattacks Taking control of the situation, Major-General Ritter von Thoma coordinated counterattacks against the advancing British infantry. Though their advance was bogged down, the British defeated these assaults and the first major tank engagement of the battle was fought. Having opened a six mile wide and five mile deep inroad into Rommels position, Montgomery began shifting forces north to inject life into the offensive. Over the next week, the bulk of the fighting occurred in the north near a kidney-shaped depression and Tel el Eisa. Returning, Rommel found his army stretched with only three days of fuel remaining. Axis Fuel Shortages Moving divisions up from the south, Rommel quickly found that they lacked the fuel to withdraw, leaving them exposed in the open. On October 26, this situation worsened when Allied aircraft sank a German tanker near Tobruk. Despite Rommels hardships, Montgomery continued to have difficulty breaking through as Axis anti-tank guns mounted a stubborn defense. Two days later, Australian troops advanced northwest of Tel el Eisa towards Thompsons Post in an attempt to break through near the coast road. On the night of October 30, they succeeded in reaching road and repelled numerous enemy counterattacks. British infantry attack at El Alamein, October 24, 1942. Public Domain Rommel Retreats: After assaulting the Australians again with no success on November 1, Rommel began to concede that the battle was lost and began planning a retreat 50 miles west to Fuka. At 1:00 AM on November 2, Montgomery launched Operation Supercharge with the goal of forcing the battle into the open and reaching Tel el Aqqaqir. Attacking behind an intense artillery barrage, the 2nd New Zealand Division and the 1st Armored Division met stiff resistance, but forced Rommel to commit his armored reserves. In the resulting tank battle, the Axis lost over 100 tanks. His situation hopeless, Rommel contacted Hitler and asked for permission to withdraw. This was promptly denied and Rommel informed von Thoma that they were to stand fast. In assessing his armored divisions, Rommel found that fewer than 50 tanks remained. These were soon destroyed by British attacks. As Montgomery continued to attack, entire Axis units were overrun and destroyed opening a 12-mile hole in Rommels line. Left with no choice, Rommel ordered his remaining men to begin retreating west. On November 4, Montgomery launched his final assaults with the 1st, 7th, and 10th Armored Divisions clearing the Axis lines and reaching open desert. Lacking sufficient transportation, Rommel was forced to abandon many of his Italian infantry divisions. As a result, four Italian divisions effectively ceased to exist. Aftermath The Second Battle of El Alamein cost Rommel around 2,349 killed, 5,486 wounded, and 30,121 captured. In addition, his armored units effectively ceased to exist as a fighting force. For Montgomery, the fighting resulted in 2,350 killed, 8,950 wounded, and 2,260 missing, as well as around 200 tanks permanently lost. A grinding battle that was similar to many fought during World War I, the Second Battle of El Alamein turned the tide in North Africa in favor of the Allies. Pushing west, Montgomery drove Rommel back to El Agheila in Libya. Pausing to rest and rebuild his supply lines, he continued to attack in mid-December and pressed the German commander into retreating again. Joined in North Africa by American troops, who had landed in Algeria and Morocco, Allied forces succeeded in evicting the Axis from North Africa on May 13, 1943 (Map).